Aluminum Chlorohydrate as Coagulant for Removal of Total Organic Carbon and Pharmaceuticals
Kuc, Joanna, et al. Molecules, 2022, 27(17), 5740.
Chemical coagulation is one of the methods used to remove organic contaminants, such as pharmaceuticals, from water. Aluminum chlorohydrate (ACH) has many advantages as an inorganic coagulant, such as wide application and low cost. In addition to being used to coagulate river water and textile wastewater, aluminum chlorohydrate has also been explored for coagulation to remove erythromycin (ERY), fluoxetine (FLX), amoxicillin (AMO), colistin (COL), ethinyl estradiol (EE), and diclofenac (DIC).
The coagulation effect of aluminum chlorohydrate
· The use of aluminum chloride hydrate in drug coagulation significantly reduced the concentration of total organic carbon (TOC), ERY, FLX, AMO, COL, EE, and DIC by 88.7%, 36.4%, 24.7%, 29.0%, 25.5%, 35.4%, and 30.4% respectively, in ideal conditions for coagulation of contaminated surface water.
· Furthermore, the turbidity, color, TSS, Total N, and N-NH4 were decreased by 96.2%, more than 98.0%, 97.8%, 70.0%, 88.7%, and 37.5% respectively.
Effects of Aluminum Chlorohydrate on Estrogen Signaling in Breast Cancer Cells
Gorgogietas, Vyron A., et al. Journal of molecular biochemistry, 2018, 7(1), 1-3.
Aluminum chlorohydrate (ACH) is an active antiperspirant widely used in cosmetics and is often applied to the underarms, which exposes the area close to the human breast to high and sustained exposure to aluminum. The mechanism of action of aluminum chlorohydrate as a metallic estrogen and its potential impact in the development of estrogen receptor-associated breast cancer were investigated.
Interference mechanism of aluminum chlorohydrate
· Aluminum chlorohydrate induces a significant increase in estrogen receptor protein levels by interfering with estrogen receptor gene expression or estrogen receptor protein stability.
· Influence estrogen receptor-mediated gene expression, including p53, cyclin D1, and c-fos genes, through direct or indirect estrogen receptor DNA binding.
· Aluminum chlorohydrate may affect the physiology and function of mitochondria by inducing the perinuclear localization of estrogen receptors, thereby providing necessary energy production and supply of precursor molecules to cancer cells.