Bone black

• CAS: 8021-99-6
• Catalog Number: ACM8021996
• Category: Main Products
• Appearance: black powder

Case Study

Bone Char Works as a Green Adsorbent for the Removal of Harmful Fluorides

Alkurdi, Susan SA, et al. Environment international 127 (2019): 704-719.

Bone char stands out as an efficient material for defluoridation because of its ecological benefits and cost-effectiveness. Optimal fluoride removal capacity results from production conditions, which include temperature where samples created between 500-700 °C perform best. Adsorption efficiency can be improved through activation techniques, which expand surface area or pore volume while introducing different pore sizes and modifying surface functional groups for better pollutant selectivity.
Mechanisms of fluoride removal on bone char
· Fluoride removal by bone char primarily occurs through three mechanisms: ion exchange, precipitation, and electrostatic attraction, often working in combination. The specific water chemistry elements including pH and fluoride concentration determine the relative effect of each mechanism.
· The primary fluoride removal mechanism operates through ion exchange because fluoride ions demonstrate a strong affinity to substitute hydroxyl groups within hydroxyapatite, thus creating fluorapatite (Ca10(PO4)6F2).
· The solution pH determines the surface charge of bone char through its point of zero charge which affects the electrostatic interaction that plays an essential role. The positively charged surface attracts negatively charged fluoride ions when the pH level falls below this point.
· High fluoride levels or bone char coated with metals utilizing cations such as Al3+ or Fe3+ result in the formation of compounds like CaF2, AlF3, or FeF3 on the surface.

Removal of Metal Ions from Wastewater by Bone Char

Moreno, Juan Carlos, et al. Materials 3.1 (2010): 452-466.

The research produced cow bone charcoal (CBC) via a pyrolysis process and applied it to extract manganese, iron, nickel and copper ions from water-based solutions.
Key Findings
· Experimental results showed that CBC successfully captured Mn2+, Fe2+, Ni2+, and Cu2+ ions at predetermined concentrations. Activated carbon made from cow bones removed all four heavy metals in 25 minutes through successful adsorption. The adsorption process showed significant pH sensitivity and reached its peak performance at pH 5.1 for all ions.
· CBC demonstrated substantial adsorption performance for heavy metals with equilibrium adsorption capacities measuring 29.56 mg/g for Mn2+, 31.43 mg/g for Fe2+, 32.54 mg/g for Ni2+, and 35.44 mg/g for Cu2+.
· The adsorption pattern follows the type I isotherm and matches the Langmuir model description. The adsorption rates of manganese, iron, nickel, and copper onto CBC followed a pseudo-second-order rate equation model.